4KG Lava Rocks for Gas BBQ, Fire pit, Aquarium, Chiminea (4KG)

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Bonaccorso, A.; etal., eds. (2004). Mount Etna:Volcano Laboratory. Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union (Geophysical Monograph 143). p.3. ISBN 978-0-87590-408-5. Richthofen, Ferdinand Freiherrn von (1860). "Studien aus den ungarisch-siebenbürgischen Trachytgebirgen"[Studies of the trachyte mountains of Hungarian Transylvania]. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (Wein) [Annals of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institute of Vienna] (in German). 11: 153–273. Analysis of Hubble Space Telescope images of Vesta suggests this asteroid has a basaltic crust covered with a brecciated regolith derived from the crust. [106] Evidence from Earth-based telescopes and the Dawn mission suggest that Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which have basaltic characteristics. [107] Vesta is the main contributor to the inventory of basaltic asteroids of the main Asteroid Belt. [108] Io

Basalt - Wikipedia Basalt - Wikipedia

a b c "Lava Flows" (PDF). UMass Department of Geosciences. University of Massachusetts Amherst. 11 February 2004. p.19 . Retrieved 5 June 2018. Bundschuh, J. and Alvarado, G. E (editors) (2007) Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards, volume 1, p. 56, London, Taylor and FrancisKlein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1993). Manual of mineralogy: (after James D. Dana) (21sted.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-57452-1. McBride; Gilmore, eds. (2007). An introduction to the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. p.392. Tourist attractions of Albay Province, Philippines". Nscb.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21 . Retrieved 2013-12-08. In tholeiitic basalt, pyroxene ( augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite) and calcium-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. The groundmass contains interstitial quartz or tridymite or cristobalite. Olivine tholeiitic basalt has augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite with abundant olivine, but olivine may have rims of pyroxene and is unlikely to be present in the groundmass. [41] Siegesmund, Siegfried; Snethlage, Rolf, eds. (2013). Stone in architecture properties, durability (3rded.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-10070-7.

Igneous rock - Wikipedia Igneous rock - Wikipedia

Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by oxygen and silicon, the most abundant elements of the Earth's crust, with smaller quantities of aluminium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, and potassium and minor amounts of many other elements. [6] Petrologists routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or molar mass fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava. [9] The abundances of the lanthanide or rare-earth elements (REE) can be a useful diagnostic tool to help explain the history of mineral crystallisation as the melt cooled. In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the europium anomaly. It arises because Eu 2+ can substitute for Ca 2+ in plagioclase feldspar, unlike any of the other lanthanides, which tend to only form 3+ cations. [55] Jones, C.E. "Scoria and Pumice". Department of Geology & Planetary Science. University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 24 March 2021.Levin, Harold L. (2010). The earth through time (9thed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0.

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

Hofmann, A.W. (2014). "Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts: Isotopes and Trace Elements". Treatise on Geochemistry. pp.67–101. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00203-5. ISBN 978-0-08-098300-4. The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow. [55] Heinrich, Christoph A. (1 May 1990). "The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten) ore deposition". Economic Geology. 85 (3): 457–481. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457. The silica component dominates the physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize the lava. [10] Other cations, such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize. [11] Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica. [10] Hooper, P. R. (19 March 1982). "The Columbia River Basalts". Science. 215 (4539): 1463–1468. Bibcode: 1982Sci...215.1463H. doi: 10.1126/science.215.4539.1463. PMID 17788655. S2CID 6182619.Article – Our Volcanic History by Gladys Flanders". Vhca.info. 1959-11-15. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03 . Retrieved 2013-12-08. Head, James W.; Wilson, Lionel (2003). "Deep submarine pyroclastic eruptions: theory and predicted landforms and deposits". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 121 (3–4): 155–193. Bibcode: 2003JVGR..121..155H. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00425-0.