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Fatty acid ethanolamides such as PEA are endogenous agonists of PPAR-α and function as lipid messengers in the regulation of inflammation and chronic pain. Fatty acid ethanolamides are degraded by a number of enzymes, such as lysosomal amidases, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA). 29 Sciatic nerve ligation or chemical irritation decreases PEA levels in sciatic nerve and the NAAA inhibitor ARN077 reverses these biochemical effects. 30 PEA administered in such a sciatic pain model decreases inflammation and pain. The analgesic properties of PEA are dependent on the modulation of non-neuronal cells in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain in mice. 31 Three to 8 days after nerve injury, there was a substantial recruitment and activation of mast cells in the damaged nerve, as well as an upregulation of activated microglia found in the spinal cord. PEA delayed mast cell recruitment and inhibited mast cell degranulation, reduced microglia activation in the spinal cord, and inhibited the increase of NGF in the sciatic nerve and preserved the nerve from degeneration. PEA also significantly reduced the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in sciatic nerves and restored inflammation-induced reductions of the PPAR-α receptor in the dorsal root ganglia. 27 PEA further significantly decreased neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia after 7 days in a rat unilateral sciatic nerve ligation model. 32
Pea Tunnel at Thompson-Morgan Pea Tunnel at Thompson-Morgan
PEA is a promising alternative compound for relieving joint pain. One clinical trial found that PEA was more effective than ibuprofen in relieving the pain of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis [ 65]. A second placebo-controlled trial [ 29] demonstrated the effectiveness of PEA on patients with knee osteoarthritis. In this 8-week clinical study, researchers found a dose-dependent improvement in joint pain, stiffness and function, as measured by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), in those who consumed a high-bioavailability form of PE. By week 8, joint pain was reduced by 40% (300 mg) and by 49.5% (600 mg), with significantly reduced use of rescue medication. Before you sow seeds or place your pea seedlings in your chosen location in your polytunnel, it is important to get your support structure in place. Peas can be supported using netting, mesh, or – the cheapest solution – a series of branched twigs to which your peas can cling. Protecting Pea Plants NAEs such as PEA are known to modulate peripheral and central processes of the GBA [ 84]. PEA’s anti-inflammatory action via PPAR- α in the gut epithelium has the potential to prevent neuroinflammatory responses by maintaining integrity of the gut barrier [ 22]. In a murine model of colitis, PEA attenuated inflammation and intestinal permeability and stimulated colonic cell proliferation in a PPAR- α- and CB2-dependent manner [ 22]. Other murine models of IBD found that higher levels of PEA levels were associated with less severe colonic inflammation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and immune infiltration [ 82]. Pre/post evaluation was done with the VAS and RDQ between baseline and day 21, using the analysis of variance according to the intention-to-treat last observation carried forward method. The Scheffé test was used for the multiple comparisons between groups, and the chi-squared test was used to analyze the subjective evaluation, considering P<0.05 as statistically significant.
The vicious circle of inflammation and increasing pain can be halted by PEA, as has been shown in different animal models. PEA belongs to an entire new class of analgesic products, devoid of addiction potential, without central nervous system side effects, and without clear dose limiting side effects up to a dose of at least 100 mg/kg body weight. 37 Drug interactions have so far not been documented, and its use has been described together with a number of different analgesics. I also grow sweet peas over teepees, which look like a witches broom made from silver birch or hazel. These are much better than anything bought. Every beautiful woven willow frame I’ve ever seen is far too short and delicate for the rampant growth you’ll get from almost any annual climber and bamboo canes need metres of twine circled round and round to give the sweet peas enough to climb on. So if it’s scent you want, not showiness and glamour, the varieties you need to look out for are the truly old-fashioned types. We do simple close-your-eye tests here every year with twenty stems held in a bunch with a rubber band. I get as many people as I can around the kitchen table and then one by one I pass the bunches round. Without looking at the flower, just using their noses and judging the strength of smell, every one gives them a mark out of ten for each one. Only the eight out of ten or above make it and they’re the ones that will be grown in the garden the following year. PEA is lipophilic in nature and almost insoluble in water [ 9], and its poor solubility and bioavailability has limited the development of nutraceutical applications. The majority of immune cells are localized within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) [ 87]. When food is ingested, the body is exposed to abundant antigenic stimulation, requiring the immune system to discriminate between potential pathogens, and food proteins and symbionts. The gut microbiota plays an important role in nutrient metabolism and absorption. It is a critical factor in determining gut health, providing energy for epithelial cells, regulating local and systemic immune function and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity [ 102]. Acute and chronic gastrointestinal tract (GIT) inflammation caused by dysbiosis or vitamin D deficiency damages the epithelial barrier, known colloquially as ‘leaky gut’. This triggers efflux of immune cells from GALT, causing immune dysregulation and a range of pathologies [ 103].
Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Compound for Health
The decrease in progesterone immediately prior to menstruation leads to a release of fatty acids including arachidonic acid from uterine cells and the production of mediators such as prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2), which lead to myometrial contraction and vasoconstriction, causing local ischemia and pain [ 145]. The menstrual fluid of women with dysmenorrhea has higher levels of these prostaglandins than that of eumenorrheic women [ 73], with a direct correlation between severity of dysmenorrheic symptoms and prostaglandin levels. These are highest during the first two days of menstruation, which coincides with the period of greatest pain. MC degranulation may play a role in peripheral nerve sensitization and pelvic pain [ 74], which, if recurrent, may cause central sensitization and increase susceptibility to other chronic pain conditions. As PEA down-regulates COX-2 and prevents the recruitment and activation of MCs, it would be expected to mitigate the hyperinflammatory state present in dysmenorrhea. In one trial, the combined administration of PEA-transpolydatin (400 mg + 40 mg) for 10 days to young women with primary dysmenorrhea significantly reduced pelvic pain compared to placebo [ 74]. Rate-limiting factors for absorption include dissolution rate and the aqueous barrier of the gastrointestinal lumen, and are influenced by PEA’s lipophilicity and particle size [ 62]. Once absorbed, PEA is rapidly metabolized and excreted [ 23]. It has a relatively short half-life; levels of PEA in human plasma return to baseline within two hours of ingestion [ 104]. Mulleman D, Mammou S, Griffoul I, Watier H, Goupille P. Pathophysiology of disk-related sciatica. I. – Evidence supporting a chemical component. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73(2):151–158. This project, the sweet pea garden arch, is a fun idea for a spot in the garden where you might like a secret pathway leading to something special. If you have children, it’s just an all-round fun play place, and you could aim it toward their own little garden sitting area, picnic spot, or veg garden. As it fills in, it will become the most beautiful, naturally-scented tunnel with all those reds, pinks, and purples. In the book, Alex suggests it as a pathway to the trampoline which sounds like a fine idea.Nitz AJ, Dobner JJ, Matulionis DH. Structural assessment of rat sciatic nerve following tourniquet compression and vascular manipulation. Anat Rec. 1989;225(1):67–76. Finally, if pests are a problem in the spring where you live, you can protect your seeds and young pea seedlings by covering them with cloches– you can use half plastic bottles. Cloches such as these will also help to protect peas from any unexpected cold snaps later in spring.
DIY Pea Trellis Ideas For Your Garden - Gardenoid 25 DIY Pea Trellis Ideas For Your Garden - Gardenoid
High levels of AEA are linked to wakefulness in healthy individuals and declining levels in the elderly are associated with circadian rhythm imbalance and cognitive impairment [ 190]. Via the entourage effect, PEA may, therefore, support the sleep–wake balance in healthy adults [ 206]. Now, strengthen the sides of the tunnel, and give your sweet peas plenty of horizontal supports to climb. Take a flexible willow branch and carefully weave it horizontally through all the uprights, about 8 inches from the ground. If it doesn’t reach all the way to the end of the tunnel, continue with a new willow branch, tying in any loose ends as you go. Repeat just above the first lateral, but weave in the alternate pattern to create a strong bond. Weave in another branch so you have three lateral rows, and then repeat this procedure on the other side of the tunnel. Weave in two further groups of lateral sections at about 16-inch intervals on each side so that the tunnel is strong and secure. For every 3 feet of tunnel, you’ll need approximately 40 willow rods that are about 9 feet long. Use “brown” willow branches, which are branches that were cut and then allowed to thoroughly dry until dead. If you use branches that are green and alive, they may root. If the tunnel will be for children, the rods can be a little shorter. Once you have the necessary amount of willow rods for your project, soak them all in water to make them more pliable. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by transient ultrastructural myofibrillar disruption, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), swelling, reduced range of motion, activation of innate immune cells such as macrophages and mast cells [ 177] and markers associated with muscle damage such as myoglobin, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, or an amalgamation of these [ 178]. Although the activation of muscle stem cells leads to a physiological remodeling [ 177], in the short term, significant amounts of myoglobin and lactate leaking into the circulation disrupt muscle cells [ 179] and impair exercise performance [ 180].When I was giving a talk at a Perch Hill open day, I showed a slide of my current favourite sweet pea, the very fresh pink, ‘ Painted Lady’. Afterwards a woman came up to me and said, "Your ‘Painted Lady’ flowers look nice and big. Mine are always rather small. What can I do to improve them?" But of course my lovely pink sweet peas only looked big because they were projected onto a wall six feet tall. Assini et al investigated the effect of 1,200 mg PEA/day in diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (n=25) and compared the effect with a control group (n=25). 45 Results: significant difference in reduction of pain at endpoint between treatment with PEA and control group ( P<0.0001). All neurophysiological parameters improved. No side effects were reported. Musculoskeletal pain makes a significant contribution to the global burden of disease [ 147]. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading form of joint pain and disability worldwide and may cause acute, recurring or chronic pain [ 148]. Although more prevalent in older adults, younger individuals are also susceptible [ 149, 150]. More recent animal studies have confirmed PEA’s antiallergic actions, which include down-regulation of MC recruitment and degranulation. PEA’s protective effects are mediated by its cellular targets, including the direct activation of PPAR- α and GPR55 receptors and the indirect activation of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) and TRPV1 channels [ 46]. In one study conducted on canine skin mast cells, PEA (in doses ranging from 10-8 M to 10-5 M) induced a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of PGD 2, TNF-α and histamine release [ 41]. In Ascaris hypersensitive beagle dogs, a single oral dose of um-PEA (at doses of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced allergic wheal reactions in skin [ 47]. Treatment with PEA also showed improvement of clinical signs in cats with eosinophilic granuloma [ 48]. Another study showed that treatment with PEA was effective in the improvement of skin lesions and pruritus in dogs with atopic dermatitis and moderate pruritus [ 49]. In mice sensitized with aerosolized ovalbumin, bronchial levels of PEA were reduced, while CB2 and GPR55 were up-regulated [ 46]. Leukocyte infiltration and pulmonary inflammation were significantly inhibited by 10 mg/kg PEA supplementation prior to sensitization. Furthermore, pulmonary mast cell recruitment and degranulation, and leukotriene C 4 production were also significantly inhibited, demonstrating a depletion/repletion scenario.
peas at perch hill - Sarah Raven sweet peas at perch hill - Sarah Raven
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous lipid modulator in animals and humans, and has been evaluated since the 1970s as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug in more than 30 clinical trials, in a total of ~6,000 patients. PEA is currently available worldwide as a nutraceutical in different formulations, with and without excipients. Here we describe the results of all clinical trials evaluating PEA's efficacy and safety in nerve compression syndromes: sciatic pain and pain due to carpal tunnel syndrome, and review preclinical evidence in nerve impingement models. Both the pharmacological studies as well as the clinical trials supported PEA's action as an analgesic compound. In total, eight clinical trials have been published in such entrapment syndromes, and 1,366 patients have been included in these trials. PEA proved to be effective and safe in nerve compression syndromes. In one pivotal, double blind, placebo controlled trial in 636 sciatic pain patients, the number needed to treat to reach 50% pain reduction compared to baseline was 1.5 after 3 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, no drug interactions or troublesome side effects have been described so far. Physicians are not always aware of PEA as a relevant and safe alternative to opioids and co-analgesics in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Especially since the often prescribed co-analgesic pregabaline has been proven to be ineffective in sciatic pain in a double blind enrichment trial, PEA should be considered as a new and safe treatment option for nerve compression syndromes. Help your peas and beans grow tall with this pea and bean tunnel from Garden Gear It features four arches which slot into the ground and have a mesh netting over the top, perfect for taller crops as it gives them plenty of height. The crop cage is easy to assemble and comes with clear assembly instructions. You can easily tend to your crops without disturbing the cage and its mesh netting. The increased absorption and bioavailability provided by LipiSperse ® leads to higher active concentration of PEA, enabling lower dosages in nutraceutical formulations compared to non-micronized PEA [ 207]. The cold-water dispersibility also allows PEA to be incorporated into a broader range of delivery formats (i.e., effervescent tablets, powders and gels).PEA’s ability to enhance neurogenesis [ 56] and facilitate synaptic plasticity [ 28, 56] likely plays a role in improving behavior and cognition, but as depression and chronic pain can interfere with cognition, memory and decision making, PEA’s antidepressant, anxiolytic and analgesic actions are potentially also involved here [ 28, 29, 81]. Additionally, PEA activates and desensitizes the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) channels, contributing to a significant anti-nociceptive effect. It does so via several mechanisms, including the entourage effect, through PPAR- α activation and by potentially acting as an allosteric modulator [ 9, 16]. PEA’s inhibition of mast cell (MC) activation also plays a role here, a mechanism discovered by Professor Rita Levi Montalcini and colleagues, who characterized this as Autacoid Local Inflammation Antagonism (ALIA) [ 23, 24, 25]. Detailed information into PEA’s mechanisms of action can be found elsewhere [ 9, 23, 24]. Peas will thrive in a polytunnel environment. As nitrogen fixers, they can also play an important role in maintaining and improving the soil in your growing areas and in crop rotation schemes. Consider where peas should go based on a crop rotation system, and on what other plants will be grown in the vicinity. Tips For Supporting Pea Plants Due to these considerations, PEA in supplements is usually emulsified [ 27], micronized [ 62] or utilized as a specialized delivery system [ 207] to improve bioavailability and functionality.
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